Another most commonly-used commands in Linux. Use this command to list information of files and directories such as the file permissions, owners, and timestamp to name a few. By default, it will list files current directory when it’s used without passing any arguments.
General syntax for ls command:
$ ls [OPTION...] [FILE...]
Display hidden files
ls -a
This option will display the entire list of directories, including hidden files. Hidden files start with a dot (.)
Example: Let’s display all hidden files of the ExampleDir directory.
Sorting by file size
ls -S
Use the ls -S command to sort files and directories by size in descending order, and then print them to the terminal.
Example: Sorting all the files and directories of the NewDir directory.
Display files in long format
ls -l
The -l option displays the contents of the directory in a more detailed way. Displaying the file’s owner and group, last modified time, and more.
Example: Displaying the detailed information about the files in the NewDir directory.
Sort by date and time
ls -t
This command sorts files by last modified time. The most recently edited files will appear at the top of the output, making them easy to find.
Example: Let’s display and sort by time the files from the ExampleDir directory.
Display only directories
ls -d */
Use this command to list the sub-directories excluding all other files.
Example: Listing the directories of the NewFolder directory.
List files and save results to a file
ls > [filename]
The ls > [filename] command allows you to save the output of the preceding command to a file.
Example: Saving the output of the ls -d command to the file result.txt.
List file owners with their ID
ls -n
This option displays the owner and group as UID and GID.
Example: Let’s display the UID and GID of the files in the NewDir directory.
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